Adafruit lora library. the MCCI LoRaWAN LMIC library should be the first result.

Adafruit lora library This library is ported and modified from RadioLib by jgromes. This guide includes technical details about the Feather and covers everything you need to know to get started using it with CircuitPython or Arduino. We call these RadioFruits, our take on an Jan 23, 2019 · The RFM9x is a more expensive module than the RFM69, but it has a trick - LoRa. Vin connects to the Arduino 5V pin. Each radio comes with some header, a 3. g. We've modified it to support channel/datarate selections and made small changes so it works with the Adafruit Feather 32u4 LoRa and the Adafruit Feather M0 LoRa. Build a weather node to track the humidity and temperature over time. Sends a LoRa packet using the RFM Module :param bytearray lora_packet: assembled LoRa packet from send_data :param int packet_length: length of LoRa packet to send :param int timeout: TxDone wait time. In the Arduino IDE, the radio frequency was changed from 915. the MCCI LoRaWAN LMIC library should be the first result.   You pull his tail in New York and his head is meowing in Los Angeles. When a library is a folder, you must copy the entire folder and its contents as it is in the bundle to the lib folder on your CIRCUITPY drive. it/mFZ)" packet radio Apr 13, 2016 · This is the Adafruit Feather 32u4 LoRa Radio (RFM9x) - our take on an microcontroller packet radio transceiver with built in USB and battery charging. We have Jul 12, 2024 · This is the Adafruit Feather M0 RFM95 LoRa Radio (433 or 900 MHz) - our take on an microcontroller with a "Long Range (LoRa) (https://adafru. If there's a green or blue dot on top of the module, its 900 MHz. Nov 8, 2017 · The long awaited BME680 from Bosch gives you all the environmental sensing you want in one small package. $32. As with most Arduino circuits, when you want to work with an external device, there’s a library for that! Actually, there are many LoRa libraries available. A search of the bundle will find an adafruit_hid folder. CircuitPython module for the RFM95/6/7/8 LoRa wireless 433/915mhz packet radios. the adafruit_busdevice library should be "built-in". . Dec 19, 2017 · In this case, the library name is adafruit_hid. One of the trade-offs of using this tiny library (compared to a more featured library like the MCCI-LMIC Library) is that it uses a different method of device registration, Activation-by-Personalization (ABP). 4 and similar, are more flexible than Bluetooth LE and without the high power Apr 15, 2016 · Sending data over long distances is like magic, and now you can be a magician with this range of powerful and easy-to-use radio modules. It's easy to use the RFM69HCW radio with CircuitPython and the Adafruit CircuitPython RFM69 library. 0 to 433. it/mFZ)" packet radio transceiver with built in USB and battery charging. Add to Cart. The silkscreen will say RFM69HCW or LoRa depending on which variant you have. adafruit. Today is the Adafruit LoRa Radio FeatherWing – RFM95W 900 MHz – RadioFruit! Add… Jan 18, 2019 · Adafruit LoRa Radio Bonnet with OLED - RFM95W @ 915MHz. All variants are: Packet radio with ready-to-go Arduino libraries; Uses the amateur or license-free ISM bands: 433MHz is ITU "Europe" license-free ISM or ITU "American" amateur with limitations. We have updated the Adafruit Learning System Guide for the RFM69HCW and RFM9x LoRa packet radio breakouts to add advanced features for using these radios with CircuitPython. Oct 2, 2016 · Hi there, I'm struggling with the RadioHead RM95 Arduino library. 4 and similar, are more flexible than Bluetooth LE and without the high power Jan 23, 2019 · The latest Raspberry Pi computers come with WiFi and Bluetooth, and now you can add even more radio options with the Adafruit Radio Bonnets! These bonnets plug right into your Pi and give you long range wireless capabilities. Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits Adafruit Feather 32u4 RFM95 LoRa Radio- 868 or 915 MHz [RadioFruit] : ID 3078 - This is the Adafruit Feather 32u4 LoRa Radio (RFM9x). Time to get transmitting! Sep 21, 2018 · Connect an Adafruit Feather M0 LoRa to The Things Network - a distributed LoRaWAN network designed for the internet of things by building a weather station. Searching on the Adafruit site I can't find anything about libraries or codes for Arduino. Be careful to note this library is for the RFM95/96/97/98 LoRa radio only and will not work with the simpler RFM69 packet radio. Its an Adafruit Feather 32u4 with a 433 or 868/915 MHz radio module cooked in! Great for making wireless networks that can go further than 2. Adafruit LoRa Radio Bonnet RFM96W @ 433MHz. These radios have really great libraries already written, so rather than coming up with a new standard we suggest using existing libraries such as LowPowerLab's RFM69 Library and AirSpayce's Radiohead library which also suppors a vast number of other radios All radios are sold individually and can only talk to radios of the same part number. We've added examples for using this library to transmit data and sensor data to The Things Network. 0 MHz. Also note this library tries to be compatible with raw RadioHead Arduino library communication. Serial Output: CAD files for various boards, components and parts - adafruit/Adafruit_CAD_Parts Apr 15, 2016 · Advanced CircuitPython Library RFM9x/RFM69 - Tweaking Parameters; RFM9X Test; Downloads; Adafruit RFM95W LoRa Radio Transceiver Breakout - 868 or 915 MHz. This library supports generic and Pycom variant micropython as well as CircuitPython. 4GHz 802. RFM69 900 MHz can only talk to RFM69 900 MHz, LoRa 433 MHz can only talk to LoRa 433, etc. Jan 16, 2019 · Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits Adafruit LoRa Radio Bonnet with OLED - RFM95W @ 915MHz [RadioFruit] : ID 4074 - The latest Raspberry Pi computers come with WiFi and Bluetooth, and now you can add even more radio options with the Adafruit Radio Bonnets! Jan 16, 2019 · Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits Adafruit LoRa Radio Bonnet with OLED - RFM95W @ 915MHz [RadioFruit] : ID 4074 - The latest Raspberry Pi computers come with WiFi and Bluetooth, and now you can add even more radio options with the Adafruit Radio Bonnets! Apr 13, 2016 · This is the Adafruit Feather 32u4 LoRa Radio (RFM9x) - our take on an microcontroller packet radio transceiver with built in USB and battery charging. 4) How does this library differ from LoRaWAN libraries? This library exposes the LoRa radio directly, and allows you to send data to any radios in range with same radio parameters. Feb 5, 2019 · One of the advantages of using LoRa over another type of transport (like WiFi) is that the radio is only turned on during transmission. 3V Arduino, connect to 3. 4 and similar, are more flexible than Bluetooth LE and without the high power Sep 21, 2018 · Connect an Adafruit Feather M0 LoRa to The Things Network - a distributed LoRaWAN network designed for the internet of things by building a weather station. All data is broadcasted and there is no addressing. If blocking Apr 15, 2016 · One of the factors that limits the reliability of packet transmission and receipt using CircuitPython is the current lack of support for "interrupts". Today is the Adafruit LoRa Radio FeatherWing – RFM95W 433 MHz – RadioFruit! Add… Saved searches Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly C# Semtech SX127X/RFM9X LoRa library for Windows 10 IoT Core powered devices raspberry-pi m2m adafruit lora rfm95 sx1276 433mhz rfm98 windows10iotcore semtech rfm96 868mhz 915mhz sx1278 hoperf dragino electronictricks elecrow rfm97 uputronics Apr 13, 2016 · This is the Adafruit Feather 32u4 LoRa Radio (RFM9x) - our take on an microcontroller packet radio transceiver with built in USB and battery charging. - adafruit/Adafruit_CircuitPython_RFM9x Jun 8, 2016 · This is the Adafruit Feather M0 RFM95 LoRa Radio (433 or 900 MHz) - our take on an microcontroller with a "Long Range (LoRa)" packet radio transceiver with built in USB and battery charging. RFM69 @ 433 MHz - basic packetized FSK/GFSK/MSK/GMSK/OOK radio at 433 MHz for use in Europe ITU 1 license-free ISM, or for amateur use with restrictions (check your local amateur regulations!) Dec 6, 2018 · Connect an Adafruit CircuitPython-compatible board to The Things Network - a distributed LoRaWAN network designed for the Internet of Things (IoT). $19. Oct 7, 2024 · The Adafruit Feather ecosystem is so rich with hardware diversity, we wanted to share them, one each day. Jun 8, 2016 · This is the Adafruit Feather M0 RFM95 LoRa Radio (433 or 900 MHz) - our take on an microcontroller with a "Long Range (LoRa)" packet radio transceiver with built in USB and battery charging. This is adapted from the Radiohead library RF95 code from: http: www Jun 3, 2024 · Feather is the new development board from Adafruit, and like its namesake it is thin, light, and lets you fly! We designed Feather to be a new standard for portable microcontroller cores. Sep 10, 2024 · The Adafruit Feather ecosystem is so rich with hardware diversity, we wanted to share them, one each day. The processor differences between the M0 board (ATSAMD21) and the M4 board (ATSAMD51) break the RadioHead libraryat least the current release so the Arduino environment is out which leaves CIrcuitPythonbut I haven't found any working examples of just those Aug 24, 2016 · Add short-hop wireless to your Feather with these Radio Featherwings. Feb 5, 2019 · Build a network of Feathers to monitor the temperature in two locations, send it to a Pi Radio Bonnet and visualize the data using Adafruit IO. Open the Arduino Library Manager (Sketch->Include Library->Manage Libraries). Aug 24, 2016 · Add short-hop wireless to your Feather with these Radio Featherwings. Jan 23, 2019 · The latest Raspberry Pi computers come with WiFi and Bluetooth, and now you can add even more radio options with the Adafruit Radio Bonnets! These bonnets plug right into your Pi and give you long range wireless capabilities. Adafruit parts, components, breakouts, etcin Fritzable format! - adafruit/Fritzing-Library Adafruit CircuitPython Library Bundle . Its an Adafruit Feather M0 with a Long Range radio module cooked in! Great for making wireless networks that are more flexible than Bluetooth LE and without the high power requirements of WiFi. com/product/3078 * This library uses SPI to communicate, 4 pins (SCL, SDA, IRQ, SS) Dec 6, 2018 · Connect an Adafruit CircuitPython-compatible board to The Things Network - a distributed LoRaWAN network designed for the Internet of Things (IoT). Apr 15, 2016 · Sending data over long distances is like magic, and now you can be a magician with this range of powerful and easy-to-use radio modules. That means that breakouts like Adafruit’s RFM95W board, as well as their LoRa FeatherWing, are fully supported. Jan 23, 2019 · RFM69 and CircuitPython. 95. We have Apr 13, 2016 · This is the Adafruit Feather 32u4 LoRa Radio (RFM9x) - our take on an microcontroller packet radio transceiver with built in USB and battery charging. Sure, sometimes you want to talk to a computer (a good time to use WiFi) or perhaps communicate with a Phone (choose Bluetooth Low Energy!) but what if you want to send data very far? Jun 8, 2016 · This is the Adafruit Feather M0 RFM95 LoRa Radio (433 or 900 MHz) - our take on an microcontroller with a "Long Range (LoRa)" packet radio transceiver with built in USB and battery charging. 4 and similar, are more flexible than Bluetooth LE and without the high power Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits Adafruit LoRa Radio FeatherWing - RFM95W 900 MHz [RadioFruit] : ID 3231 - Add short-hop wireless to your Feather with these RadioFruit Featherwings. Sure, sometimes you want to talk to a computer (a good time to use WiFi) or perhaps communicate with a Phone (choose Bluetooth Low Energy!) but what if you want to send data very far? Jan 18, 2019 · Adafruit LoRa Radio Bonnet with OLED - RFM95W @ 915MHz. mpy, and adafruit_bus_device files and folders copied over. 4 and similar, are more flexible than Bluetooth LE and without the high power requirements of Jun 3, 2024 · A board which meets all of these specifications is the Feather M0 with RFM95 LoRa Radio. 900MHz is license free ISM for ITU "Americas" Jan 18, 2019 · We're running CircuitPython on the Raspberry Pi, installing the libraries for radio communication is simple. CircuitPython boards can ship with the contents of the zip to make it easy to provide a lot of libraries by default. Jan 18, 2019 · The RFM9x is a more expensive module than the RFM69, but it has a trick - LoRa. This means the library sets up the radio modulation to match RadioHead’s default of GFSK encoding, 250kbit/s bitrate, and 250khz frequency deviation. Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits Adafruit Feather M0 with RFM95 LoRa Radio - 900MHz [RadioFruit] : ID 3178 - This is the Adafruit Feather M0 RFM95 LoRa Radio (900MHz). LoRaWAN coverage? To make use of a LoraWAN-enabled Pico you’re going to need to be in range of a LoRa gateway. In the search box, type MCCI. It allows your packets to be sent over farther distances (a few km in a city like New York and around 40km in a rural area). 3V; GND connects to Arduino ground Sep 11, 2023 · The LoRa Library for Arduino. Apr 13, 2016 · This is the Adafruit Feather 32u4 LoRa Radio (RFM9x) - our take on an microcontroller packet radio transceiver with built in USB and battery charging. LoRa is a spread spectrum modulation technique patented by Semtech. 4 and similar, are more flexible than Bluetooth LE and without the high power May 17, 2023 · In this case, the library name is adafruit_hid. Jun 3, 2024 · The Adafruit LoRa Radio Bonnet for Raspberry Pi sets you up with a RFM95W Radio Module, a 128x32 OLED display and three push-buttons for LoRa and LoRaWAN experiments. E. The LoRa module's SPI interface (MOSI, MISO, SCK, CS) is connected to the corresponding SPI pins on the Arduino, allowing for serial data transfer between the devices. Apr 6, 2016 · This is the Adafruit Feather 32u4 Radio (RFM69HCW) - our take on an microcontroller packet radio transceiver with built in USB and battery charging. Its an Adafruit Feather 32u4 with a 433 or 868/915 MHz LoRa radio module cooked in! Great for making distant wireless networks that can go further than 2. This library uses SPI to communicate, 4 pins (SCL, SDA, IRQ, SS) are required to interface with the HopeRF RFM95/96 breakout. In this case, you would copy the entire adafruit_hid folder to your CIRCUITPY/lib folder. Doing this reduces the amount of power consumption by the node. Mar 7, 2023 · Adafruit Feather RP2040; Semtech SX1276 board Adafruit RFM95W LoRa Radio Transceiver Breakout – 868 or 915 MHz – RadioFruit; Adafruit LoRa Radio FeatherWing – RFM95W 900 MHz – RadioFruit; See more on GitHub.   Do you understand this? Aug 24, 2016 · It's easy to use the RFM9x LoRa radio with CircuitPython and the Adafruit CircuitPython RFM9x module. Jan 8, 2013 · Here are the classes, structs, unions and interfaces with brief descriptions: C TinyLoRa Nov 14, 2014 · The only practical solution is to use a different timer. Dec 6, 2018 · Adafruit RFM95W LoRa Radio Transceiver Breakout - 868 or 915 MHz "You see, wire telegraph is a kind of a very, very long cat. Apr 15, 2016 · Before continuing make sure your board's lib folder or root filesystem has the adafruit_rfm69. Its an Adafruit Feather M0 with a Long Range radio module cooked in! Great for making wireless networks that are Apr 15, 2016 · Wiring up the radio in SPI mode is pretty easy as there's not that many pins! The library requires hardware SPI and does not have software SPI support so you must use the hardware SPI port! Start by connecting the power pins. If you're using a 3. Sure, sometimes you want to talk to a computer (a good time to use WiFi) or perhaps communicate with a Phone (choose Bluetooth Low Energy!) but what if you want to send data very far? Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits Adafruit RFM95W LoRa Radio Transceiver Breakout - 868 or 915 MHz [RadioFruit] : ID 3072 - "You see, wire telegraph is a kind of a very, very long cat. We call these RadioFruits, our take on an microcontroller with a "Long Range (LoRa)" packet radio transceiver with built in USB and battery Apr 28, 2021 · His library adds LoRa support for Pico and other RP2040-based boards using the Semtech SX1276 radio module. 50.   Do you understand this? Sep 21, 2018 · We're going to use MCCI's arduino-lmic library with this guide to communicate with The Things Network. Adafruit RFM95W LoRa Jul 12, 2024 · Advanced CircuitPython RFM9x Library Usage • RadioHead Header • Node Addressing • Reliable Datagram • CRC Checking Python Docs for RFM9x LoRa Advanced CircuitPython Library RFM9x/RFM69 - Tweaking Parameters RFM9X Test • Arduino Library • RadioHead RFM9x Library example • Basic RX & TX example • Transmitter example code We've converted it to work with Adafruit CircuitPython and made changes so it works with the Raspberry Pi and Adafruit Feather M0/M4.  We call these RadioFruits, our take on a microcontroller with a "Long Range (LoRa)" packet radio transceiver with built-in USB and battery charging. Apr 15, 2016 · Arduino Libraries. It is designed specifically to work with the Adafruit Feather 32u4 RFM95 LoRa: https: Aug 24, 2016 · Add short-hop wireless to your Feather with these Radio Featherwings. We've looked at the low-level code, but the part that selects the timer in the RadioHead library calls vendor-supplied code that's deliberately obfuscated to keep people from figuring out how the files are linked together. These radios are good options for kilometer-range radio, and paired with one of our WiFi, cellular or Bluetooth Feathers, will let you bridge from 433/900 MHz to the Internet or your mobile device. If blocking = True, TX/RX is set to blocking mode and callback function will be ignored. Adafruit Feather M0 with RFM95 LoRa Radio - 900MHz This is the Adafruit Feather M0 RFM95 LoRa Radio (900MHz). 15. Mar 1, 2017 · The source code used to program the LoRa radio’s to receive and transmit data came from the Adafruit website and AirSpayce’s Radiohead Library. Dec 6, 2018 · Connect an Adafruit CircuitPython-compatible board to The Things Network - a distributed LoRaWAN network designed for the Internet of Things (IoT). 3V voltage regulator and levelshifter that can handle 3-5V DC power and logic so you can use it with 3V or 5V devices. Usage To demonstrate the usage of the radio we'll initialize it and send and receive data from the board's Python REPL. We call these RadioFruits, our take on a microcontroller with a "Long Range (LoRa)" packet radio transceiver with built-in USB and battery charging. This repo bundles a bunch of useful CircuitPython libraries into an easy to download zip file. Jan 8, 2013 · This is part of Adafruit's TinyLoRa library for the Arduino platform. 4 and similar, are more flexible than Bluetooth LE and without the high power May 17, 2023 · The Adafruit Feather RP2040 RFM95 microcontroller boards take the deliciousness of the Feather RP2040 and add the radio goodness of an RFM95. It's an Adafruit Feather RP2040 with a 900MHz radio module cooked in! Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits Adafruit RFM96W LoRa Radio Transceiver Breakout - 433 MHz [RadioFruit] : ID 3073 - "You see, wire telegraph is a kind of a very, very long cat. We call these RadioFruits, our take on an microcontroller with a "Long Range (LoRa)" packet radio transceiver with built in USB and battery CircuitPython module for the RFM95/6/7/8 LoRa 433/915mhz radio modules. This microcontroller runs CircuitPython, has a built-in LoRa radio, and a connector for LiPo batteries. I was wondering if anyone could explain to me how I can do it or if you already have a working project. Returns True if the RFM has been initialized sendData() Sep 21, 2018 · It's also compatible with the Feather M0 LoRa, in case you want a smaller communications library for your speedy M0. The library we will use is written by Sandeep Mistry and is simply called the LoRa Library. 4 and similar, are more flexible than Bluetooth LE and without the high power Jan 8, 2013 · Initializes the RFM, including configuring SPI, configuring the frameCounter and txrandomNum. These add-ons for any Feather board will let you integrate packetized radio (with the RFM69 radio) or LoRa radio (with the RFM9x's). Jan 8, 2013 · This is the documentation for Adafruit's Feather LoRa for the Arduino platform. Mar 15, 2024 · Hi, I recently wanted to connect an ESP32 with an Adafruit Lora RFM9X to receive data from an MKR with Lora and GPS. It makes sending and receiving LoRa packets very simple May 17, 2023 · This is the Adafruit Feather RP2040 RF95 LoRa Radio. Both libraries want to use Timer3, but only one can. Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits Adafruit Feather RP2040 with RFM95 LoRa Radio - 915MHz [RadioFruit and STEMMA QT] : ID 5714 - This is the Adafruit Feather RP2040 RF95 LoRa Radio. Dec 9, 2015 · To use an Si7021 on a feather M0 rfm9x with the latest version of Circuitpython, you should only need the adafruit_rfm9x. We have Apr 15, 2016 · Sending data over long distances is like magic, and now you can be a magician with this range of powerful and easy-to-use radio modules. We've added examples for using this library to transmit sensor data over a single channel or multiple channels to The Things Network. This is the Adafruit Feather 32u4 LoRa Radio (RFM9x) - our take on an microcontroller with a "Long Range (LoRa) (https://adafru. If there's a red dot, its 433 MHz adafruit_rfm9x ¶ CircuitPython module for the RFM95/6/7/8 LoRa 433/915mhz radio modules. * designed specifically to work with the Adafruit Feather 32u4 RFM95 LoRa: * https://www. This library allows you to easily write Python code that sends and receives packets of data with the radio. To do this, enter the following into your terminal to install the library system-wide: Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and kits Adafruit LoRa Radio FeatherWing - RFM95W 900 MHz [RadioFruit] : ID 3231 - Add short-hop wireless to your Feather with these RadioFruit Featherwings. Here are the links for the code I used to program the transmitter and there receiver. We have Jan 23, 2019 · RFM69 900 MHz can only talk to RFM69 900 MHz, LoRa 433 MHz can only talk to LoRa 433, etc. mpy library installed on your board. This little sensor contains temperature, humidity, barometric pressure and VOC gas sensing capabilities. LoRaWAN builds on top of LoRA, but adds addressing, encryption, and additional layers. Thank you May 14, 2017 · Sometimes, though, you need to leave the well-known and venture to the more exotic! The RFM69 and LoRa Feathers let you create a more flexible wireless network. Apr 15, 2016 · The LoRa radios are exciting and more powerful but also more expensive. Set TX/RX blocking mode and interrupt callback. This circuit connects an Adafruit RFM9x LoRa Radio module to an Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 for wireless communication capabilities. Apr 15, 2016 · It's easy to use the RFM9x LoRa radio with CircuitPython and the Adafruit CircuitPython RFM9x module. Totally dead in the water actually, even after reviewing the Adafruit tutorial, I'm only able to run the basic examples (which work), but I cannot go beyond that. We have Apr 15, 2016 · Both RFM69 and RFM9x LoRa breakouts have the exact same pinouts. Fritzing objects in the Adafruit Fritzing library; Schematic. All over SPI or I2C, at a great price! Dec 10, 2019 · Here are just a few of the LoRa hardware we manufacture right here in New York City: Adafruit LoRa Radio Bonnet with OLED (915MHz/433MHz) Uses Python libraries so you can send or receive LoRa data with other matching modules, send data to a LoRaWAN gateway, or even set up your own single channel LoRaWAN-to-Internet gateways. We have Apr 15, 2016 · Adafruit RFM95W LoRa Radio Transceiver Breakout - 868 or 915 MHz. This module allows you to easily write Python code that sends and receives packets of data with the radio. Sep 5, 2023 · Controller Assembled Adafruit HUZZAH32 – ESP32 Feather Board - with Stacking Headers (3619) Example Code: OLED_featherwing No photo, I'm using featherwing, also the setup was working fine until either Arduino IDE or libraries were updated Apr 16, 2016 · The LoRa board I am using is the Adafruit LoRa Radio FeatherWing - RFM95W 900 MHz. This means that the library can only "poll" for available packets and there are significant time gaps when the code is switching between transmit and receive. Jun 2, 2020 · UPDATED GUIDE: Adafruit RFM69HCW and RFM9X LoRa Packet Radio Breakouts. This is easily achieved by downloading the Adafruit library and driver bundle. You pull his tail in New York and his head is meowing in Los Angeles. It is designed specifically to work with the Adafruit Feather 32u4 LoRa. To install the library for the display, enter the following into the terminal: You'll also need to install the framebuf module in order to write to the display. Click Install. Instead of depending on a WiFi router, Bluetooth Central, ZigBee Master or Cellphone tower, LoRa and RFM69 work well in point-to-point or meshing configurations, with eye-popping ranges. awhws eeyvdmr jfpqd hmahwvj nfhftth zowjwn sayxbt xhsxz lhb aopud